{"id":98,"date":"2012-11-06T09:57:41","date_gmt":"2012-11-06T09:57:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.radio-science.eu\/?page_id=98"},"modified":"2023-11-10T14:53:53","modified_gmt":"2023-11-10T14:53:53","slug":"venus-express","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/fip-koeln.de\/en_us\/missionen-und-ziele\/venus-express\/","title":{"rendered":"Venus Express"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fip-koeln.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/11\/vex01.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"191\" src=\"https:\/\/fip-koeln.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/11\/vex01.jpg\" alt=\"K\u00fcnstlerische Darstellung von Venus Express Quelle: ESA\" class=\"wp-image-128\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Artistic presentation of Venus Express<br>Source: ESA<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The spacecraft <em>Venus Express <\/em>was successfully\u00a0 launched on the 9th of November in 2005 at the space mission launch center Baikonur in Kazakhstan with a Russian Soyuz-Fregat rocket. 153 days after launch it swung into an orbit around the planet Venus to start the observing mission. It was planned for <em>Venus Express<\/em> to observe the planet for approx two Venus years which corresponds to 500 Earth days. In the end the spacecraft was active until the end of the year 2013 and has provided much information about the planet Venus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The first phase of investigation of the planet Venus by spacecrafts (1962-1985) was carried out by the missions <a href=\"http:\/\/nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov\/planetary\/venera.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Venera<\/em><\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov\/planetary\/pioneer_venus.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <em>Pioneer Venus<\/em><\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov\/database\/MasterCatalog?sc=1984-125A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <em>Vega<\/em><\/a> which provided first descriptions of the physical and chemical conditions which dominate in the atmosphere and on the surface of Venus.<br>However there also arose many questions about the physical processes which lead to these conditions. A good part of this questions are unanswered until today. Extensive radar mappings through <a href=\"http:\/\/nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov\/database\/MasterCatalog?sc=1983-053A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Venera 15 and 16<\/a> and the <a href=\"http:\/\/nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov\/planetary\/magellan.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Magellan-Orbiter<\/a>, combined with few pictures derived from landers, have considerably extended our knowledge about the geology and the geophysics on Venus. Now a similar systematic investigation is to be happen. In particular this hold good for the atmosphere beneath the clouds because there is almost no proper data considering this region until now. Many problems which are associated with the interaction between Venus\u2019 atmosphere and the Solar wind are not yet solved. The basic secrets of Venus are associated with:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the global atmospheric circulation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the atmospheric chemical composition and it's changes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the interactions between the surface atmosphere and the planets surface including volcanism<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the physics and chemistry of the cloud layers<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the role of the trace gases for the greenhouse effect<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the origin and development of the atmosphere<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the plasma environment and it's dependence of the solar wind<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Durch einen leistungsf\u00e4higen Orbiter, ausger\u00fcstet mit Fernerkundungs- und <em>in-situ<\/em> -Messger\u00e4ten, k\u00f6nnen diese grundlegenden Geheimnisse der Venus gel\u00fcftet werden. Der Vergleich mit fr\u00fcheren Raumfahrzeugmissionen l\u00e4sst einen Durchbruch erwarten, indem die spektralen &#8218;Fenster&#8216; im nahen Infrarotspektrum der Venus-Nachtseite ausgenutzt werden. Diese wurden erst in den sp\u00e4ten achtziger Jahren entdeckt: Strahlung der unteren Atmosph\u00e4re und der Oberfl\u00e4che entweicht ins All und kann gemessen werden. Somit erm\u00f6glicht eine Kombination von Spektrometern und Kameras, welche den gesamten Bereich vom UV bis hin zum thermalen IR-Bereich abdecken, zusammen mit anderen Instrumenten wie Radar und einem Plasmaanalysator, eine Sondierung der gesamten Venusatmosph\u00e4re von der Oberfl\u00e4che bis zu 200 km H\u00f6he; au\u00dferdem k\u00f6nnen noch zus\u00e4tzliche Informationen \u00fcber die Oberfl\u00e4che gesammelt werden, welche die <a href=\"http:\/\/nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov\/planetary\/magellan.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Magellan-Mission<\/a> vervollst\u00e4ndigen w\u00fcrde.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The instruments developed for Mars Express and Rosetta suit also for the purposes of Venus Express. The following instruments are part of the actual load of Venus Express:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>SPICAV<\/strong>: multifunctional UV-IR spectrometer for solar\/stellar occultations and nadir-observations<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>PFS<\/strong>: hight resolution Fourier spectrometer<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>ASPERA<\/strong>: &#8218;Energetic Neutral Atom (ENA) imaging&#8216; zur Visualisierung geladener und neutraler Gasumgebungen<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>VIRTIS<\/strong>: sensibler optischer &#8217;spectro-imager&#8216; und mid-IR Spektrometer<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>VeRa<\/strong>: Radio-Science ecperiment<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>VMC<\/strong>wide angle camera<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>MAG<\/strong>magnetic field measurements<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">VeRa &#8211; Venus Express Radio Science<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fip-koeln.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/11\/vex02.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/fip-koeln.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/11\/vex02.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"vex02\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The direct radio contact between spacecraft and the ground station on Earth is used for the radio sounding of neutral and media.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The scientific aims of the Venus Radio Science Experiment (VeRa) are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>(1)<\/strong>Radio sounding of Venus\u2019 ionosphere,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fip-koeln.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/11\/vex03.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/fip-koeln.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/11\/vex03-300x235.jpg\" alt=\"Okkultations-Experiment\" title=\"vex03\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>from ~ 80 km altitude to the ionopause (300 km to 600 km altitude depending of the state of the solar wind), in dependence of planetary latitude and solar wind to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>deduce vertical profiles of the electron density,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>determine the height of the ionopause,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>study the interaction of the solar wind with Venus' ionosphere as a function of local time<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2)<\/strong> Radio sounding of the neutral atmosphere  from the cloud cover (35 \u2013 40 km) up to 100 km altitude to deduce vertical profiles of the neutral mass density, the temperature and the pressure in dependence of the planetary latitude and the season as functions of local time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fip-koeln.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/11\/vex04.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/fip-koeln.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/11\/vex04-300x219.jpg\" alt=\"Bistatic-Radar-Experimen\" title=\"vex04\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>(3)<\/strong>Measurements of the electric features,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>roughness and chemical composition of Venus\u2019 surface using the reflection of radio waves on the surface (bistatic radar experiment),<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>(4)<\/strong> Studies of the coronal structure and the solar wind turbulence during the upper and the lower conjunction of Venus around the Sun. For terrestrial planets one distinguishes between upper and lower conjunction, i.e. the planet resides on a line: planet-Sun-Earth (upper conjunction) or Sun-planet-Earth (lower conjunction).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>VeRa uses the radio carrier signal of the spacecraft in the X-band (8.4 GHz) and in the  S-band (2.3 GHz) which are transferred simultaneously by the high gain antenna (HGA).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>See also:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a title=\"The Planet Venus\" href=\"https:\/\/fip-koeln.de\/en_us\/?page_id=101\">The Planet Venus<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Die Raumsonde Venus Express ist am 9. November 2005 erfolgreich vom Weltraumbahnhof Baikonur in Kazakhstan mit einer russischen Soyuz-Fregat Rakete gestartet. Sie soll bereits 153 Tagen nach dem Start am 11. April 2006 in einen Orbit um den zu beobachtenden Planeten Venus einschwenken. Es ist geplant, die Venus etwa zwei Venus-Jahre (dies entspricht etwa 500 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":21,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-98","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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November 2005 erfolgreich vom Weltraumbahnhof Baikonur in Kazakhstan mit einer russischen Soyuz-Fregat Rakete gestartet. Sie soll bereits 153 Tagen nach dem Start am 11. April 2006 in einen Orbit um den zu beobachtenden Planeten Venus einschwenken. Es ist geplant, die Venus etwa zwei Venus-Jahre (dies entspricht etwa 500&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/fip-koeln.de\/en_us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/98","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/fip-koeln.de\/en_us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/fip-koeln.de\/en_us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fip-koeln.de\/en_us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fip-koeln.de\/en_us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=98"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/fip-koeln.de\/en_us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/98\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1783,"href":"https:\/\/fip-koeln.de\/en_us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/98\/revisions\/1783"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fip-koeln.de\/en_us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/21"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/fip-koeln.de\/en_us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=98"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}